毛乌素沙地沙棘日灼危害及防治措施研究

通过在毛乌素沙地进行沙棘种植试验观测,发现日灼危害是沙棘种植当年死亡严重的主要原因之一。根据日灼危害特点,设计出用厚纸板卷成筒状预防沙棘日灼的办法。该方法简单、实用,效果十分明显。     

近年来毛乌素沙地土地覆被变化特征

利用2000年和2006年两期中巴卫星数据,建立了区域尺度沙漠化评价模型,分析了毛乌素沙地土地类型变化趋势及以县域为单位的沙漠化评价。（1）仅从土地类型面积变化来看,研究区沙漠化发展呈现总体稳定,局部恶化趋势;（2）在半固定、半流动和非沙漠化三种类型间沙漠化发展变化剧烈;（3）2006年与2000年的16个县域评价结果显示,极重度沙漠化的县域明显减少,转化为重度和中度,毛乌素沙地总体上呈现出良性发展态势。     

长期放牧对短花针茅荒漠草原植物功能群特征的影响

为揭示短花针茅（Stipa breviflora）荒漠草原植物功能群特征对长期放牧的响应机制,本研究以内蒙古四子王旗短花针茅荒漠草原为研究对象,2018年8月对围封14年（2004-2018）不同放牧处理下的植物物种组成、高度、盖度、密度及生产力进行观测,并对功能群植物多样性、丰富度、均匀度和重要值分析。结果表明：随着放牧强度的增加植物种类逐渐减少,在重度放牧区分属不同功能群的植物均有不同程度消失,不同功能群植物株高、盖度、生产力随放牧强度的增加均呈降低的变化趋势;对照区功能群多样性指数显著大于重度放牧区,对照区和轻度放牧区丰富度指数显著大于中度和重度放牧区;不同放牧处理下功能群多样性指数、丰富度指数与生产力呈显著正相关关系。研究认为,长期重度放牧减少了荒漠草原功能群植物多样性和丰富度从而导致草地生产力降低,进而影响草地的可持续利用。     

准噶尔盆地荒漠灌丛草地土壤呼吸变化及其对土壤温、湿度的响应

本研究利用Li-8100开路式土壤通量测量系统对新疆准噶尔盆地古尔班通古特沙漠南缘荒漠灌丛草地生长季土壤呼吸速率进行了观测,分析了该地土壤呼吸特征及其与土壤温、湿度的关系。研究表明各层土壤温、湿度随着季节表现出明显的周期性变化特征,不同深度土壤温、湿度垂直梯度明显。荒漠灌丛草地土壤呼吸白天呈"双峰型"曲线;生长季土壤呼吸速率白天高于夜晚,草地土壤呼吸速率约为裸地的4倍;裸地夜间土壤表现为碳吸收过程。白天土壤呼吸速率与土壤温、湿度呈负相关关系,夜间为正相关关系;生长季白天土壤水分条件对土壤呼吸速率的影响更大,而夜间土壤温、湿度对土壤呼吸过程的影响均小于白天。该研究为明确干旱区碳收支过程提供一定的理论依据。     

荒漠草原猪毛蒿的生长特征与稳定碳同位素间的关系

植物的稳定碳同位素组成（δ¹³C）能反映植物对干旱环境的适应能力。为研究荒漠草原区猪毛蒿（Artemisia scoparia）的生存策略,本研究以猪毛蒿为试验对象,分析了猪毛蒿同化枝δ¹³C值与土壤因子,种群数量特征,以及猪毛蒿个体生物量分配间的关系。结果表明：猪毛蒿同化枝δ¹³C值分布为-29.76‰~-25.10‰。试验区内土壤体积含水率、土壤硬度对猪毛蒿同化枝δ¹³C的影响不显著。δ¹³C值与密度呈显著负相关关系（P<0.05）,与盖度、株高和冠幅呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）。δ¹³C值与营养器官生物量、繁殖器官生物量、地上生物量、地下生物量和总生物量均呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）;猪毛蒿营养器官生物量与繁殖器官生物量呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）。综上可得,猪毛蒿同化枝δ¹³C值与植株种群数量特征、个体生物量分配存在明显的相关性,表明猪毛蒿为适应荒漠草原环境,能够采取独特的生存适应策略。     

基于光谱指数的伊犁绢蒿荒漠草地恢复状况的判定

为了从光谱角度探讨退化伊犁绢蒿封育的适宜年限,对未封育、封育2年、7年和10年的草地从群落数量指标、群落光谱特征及特征植物光谱进行研究。通过对植被数据与光谱数据进行回归分析,对比群落和特征植物光谱指数随封育年限的变化趋势,探讨植被高光谱对伊犁绢蒿荒漠草地恢复状况的响应及最佳封育年限判定的可行性。结果表明：随着封育年限的增加,草地的盖度、密度及生物量呈先增加后降低的趋势;对群落的数量指标、群落光谱指数及建群种光谱指数回归均指示在5年左右达到最大值,表明可以通过植物光谱来对草地恢复状况及封育最佳年限加以判定。     

毛乌素沙漠萨拉乌苏组地下水特征与植被分布关系

利用钻探和抽水试验资料,结合遥感资料和植被实地样方调查资料,分析了该区地下水富集特征和开发利用对生态环境的影响。结果表明:含水层的厚度是地下水富集的主控因素,二者呈正相关关系;基底古凹陷分布区含水层厚度较大,是地下水的富集区;埋深3m是滩地地下水开采的约束水位,过量的开采可能造成湖盆滩地植被向沙地植被的演替或退化,甚至消亡,加快沙漠化进程;地下水开采对沙地、沙丘生长的耐干旱植被物种的影响较小。研究结果可为该区内水源地选址、地下水合理开发利用、水土保持和生态环境保护提供基础理论和数据。     

腾格里沙漠东南缘风沙环境及其对交通干线生态防护体系的影响

[目的]研究腾格里沙漠东南缘沙坡头地区的输沙势和最大可能输沙量的空间分布及变化规律,为包兰铁路风沙防护体系的维护及管理提供数据支撑。[方法]利用该地区1980—2010年的气象资料,探讨该区域多年来降水、风况、气温、输沙势等环境因子的变化趋势。[结果]该区域降水年际波动较大,且具有阵性特征;春夏两季的起沙风频率占全年总量的72.3%,主导风向为WNW-NNW和NE-E两组,大风多集中在春季;区域最大可能输沙量和输沙势具有较好的相关性。[结论]结合包兰铁路沙坡头段风沙防护体系现状,后期可以考虑将体系结构设置为A字形,以取得更好的防护效果。     

Characteristics of air pollution events over Hotan Prefecture at the southwestern edge of Taklimakan Desert,China

Hotan Prefecture is located at the southwestern edge of Taklimakan Desert, the world's largest shifting sand desert, of China. The desert is one of the main sources for frequent sand-dust weather events which strongly affect the air quality of Hotan Prefecture. Although this region is characterized by the highest annual mean PM_(10) concentration values that are routinely recorded by environmental monitoring stations across China, both this phenomenon and its underlying causes have not been adequately addressed in previous researches. Reliable pollutant PM_(10) data are currently retrieved using a tapered element oscillating microbalance(TEOM) 1400 a, a direct real-time monitor, while additional concentration values including for PM_(2.5), sulfur dioxide(SO_2), nitrogen dioxide(NO_2), carbon monoxide(CO) and ozone(O_3) have been collected in recent years by the Hotan Environmental Monitoring Station. Based on these data, this paper presents a comparison of the influences of different kinds of sand-dust weather events on PM10(or PM_(2.5)) as well as the concentrations of other gaseous pollutants in Hotan Prefecture. It is revealed that the highest monthly average PM10 concentrations are observed in the spring because of the frequent occurrence of three distinct kinds of sand-dust weather events at this time, including dust storms, blowing dust and floating dust. The floating dust makes the most significant contribution to PM_(10)(or PM_(2.5)) concentration in this region, a result that differs from eastern Chinese cities where the heaviest PM_(10) pollution occurs usually in winter and air pollution results from the excess emission of local anthropogenic pollutants. It is also shown that PM_(10) concentration varies within typical dust storms. PM_(10) concentrations vary among 20 dust storm events within Hotan Prefecture, and the hourly mean concentrations tend to sharply increase initially then slowly decreasing over time. Data collected from cities in eastern China show the opposite with the hourly mean PM_(10)(or PM_(2.5)) concentration tending to slowly increase then sharply decrease during heavy air pollution due to the excess emission of local anthropogenic pollutants. It is also found that the concentration of gaseous pollutants during sand-dust weather events tends to be lower than those cases under clear sky conditions. This indicates that these dust events effectively remove and rapidly diffuse gaseous pollutants. The analysis also shows that the concentration of SO_2 decreases gradually at the onset of all three kinds of sand-dust weather events because of rapidly increasing wind velocity and the development of favorable atmospheric conditions for diffusion. In contrast, changes in O_3 and NO_2 concentrations conformed to the opposite pattern during all three kinds of sand-dust weather events within this region, implying the inter transformation of these gas species during these events.     

Influence of edaphic factors on plant distribution and diversity in the arid area of Xinjiang,Northwest China

The influence of edaphic factors on plant distribution is essential to community ecology and important for vegetation restoration and management in arid ecosystems. In this study, desert plant distribution and diversity as well as soil water, salinity, and nutrients were measured in the Ebinur Lake Wetland Nature Reserve (ELWNR) in arid Northwest China. We determined relationships between plant distribution and soil factors along a transect with increasing distance from the river and created optimal models using soil factors to explain variations in plant diversity. In general, soil factors decreased with increasing distance from the river. Soil volumetric water content (SVWC), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) were closely related to plant distribution. According to canonical correspondence analysis, plants along the transect were divided into three groups: saline–alkaline tolerant, drought tolerant, and high P-demanding. SVWC, pH, soil organic carbon (C), N, P, and S account for 93.8% of the variations in plant diversity in the ELWNR. Compared with other soil factors, S explained the largest percentage of variations in diversity when single soil variables were considered in generalized additive models (R²?=?38.9%). Our results suggest increases in soil pH, P, N, and S would improve plant diversity significantly. We found differences among species groups in preference for habitat, and N and S content had a significant positive effect of on plant diversity, providing a scientific reference for plant restoration and saline soil remediation in desert ecosystems.